They are designed to hurt elite supporters of the targeted. Comras is special counsel to the eren law firm and author of flawed diplomacy. Economic sanctions targeting yugoslavia an effective national security strategy component by. He is director of policy studies at the kroc institute for international peace studies at the university of notre dame and chair of the board of the fourth freedom forum. Some of the worlds leading sanctions experts and practitioners join together in this book to provide the first published account of the emerging theory and practice of smart sanctions. The data and statistical methods for exploring the nature of. In the aftermath of september 11, the use of targeted sanctions has. Cronin is a senior advisor and the senior director of.
Pdf smart sanctions download full pdf book download. In recent years, international attention has turned toward the use of targeted, smart sanctions that minimize unintended humanitarian consequences and focus coercive pressure on responsible decision makers. Pdf targeted sanctionsoften referred to as smart sanctionsbegan in large. Smart sanctions, says bush aide juan zarate, go on steroids. It includes essays by experts and analysts from the united nations community, the european union, the united states government, and the academic community. This is slightly below than the success rate of 34 percent for economic sanctions in general during the twentieth century. The origins of smart sanctions lie in the explosion of economic statecraft that started with the end of the cold war. Economic statecraft attempts to influence current or potential disenfranchisement, providing incentives for the targets people to demand political change. In the aftermath of september 11, the use of targeted sanctions has only increased in importance. Roman and littlefield, january 2002 targeted financial sanctions. Scholars and policymakers alike recognize that the sanctions have had a devastating humanitarian impact on the iraqi population. Essentials of international relations eight edition. Within this narrow focus, the use of sanctions to exploit that leverage is virtually as old as diplomacy itself.
Next, the arguments of socalled smart sanctions advocates are detailed. John ikenberry and others published smart sanctions. Properly focused smart sanctions might be able to accomplish this task, but the smart sanctions that have been employed in the past have failed the rights test. Smart sanctions target specific individuals or groups, rather than entire countries. Only when the horrors of world war i prompted president woodrow wilson to call for an alternative to armed conflict were economic sanctions seriously considered. Pressure january 2011 coercive economic statecraft and u. Sanctions simultaneously attempt to influence interest groups within the target economy to rise up, either through a political process or more violently, against the targets policies or. Smart sanctions are the precision guided munitions of economic statecraft. The sanctions target list has included the iranian revolutionary guard corps. Over the course of his nearly 40 years in power, former zimbabwean president robert mugabe demonstrated again and again how disconnected his rule was from the needs of his people. Pdf targeted sanctionsoften referred to as smart sanctionsbegan in large measure as a response.
United states economic statecraft for survival, 19331991. The success rate of targeted sanctions, in the 20 cases where they were imposed outside of comprehensive embargoes, is relatively low. The use of economic statecraft economic statecraft states may use both positive and negative economic sanctions to try to influence other states. Throughout world history, effective diplomacy and statecraft more often than not, required a nation to use its commercial and economic leverage to achieve political and strategic goals. Sanctions can have a devastating impact on both the target countrys economic and political stability, and women often suffer significantly from the effects of such external shocks due to their vulnerable socioeconomic and political status. Sanctions that violate such rights cannot be justified on ethical grounds. Office of financial sanctions implementation hm treasury, financial sanctions. An anthology covering different aspects of primarily post1990 sanctions, including case studies. While smart sanctions have been addressed in political science literature for example, see cortright and lopez, 2002, tostensen and bull, 2002 and more recently drezner, 2011, among others, economic theory of such type of sanctions is absent from economics literature. The increasing use of sanctions as an instrument of coercion in the international system has been noted with alarm by academics and humanitarian agencies alike. Lopez is editor, with david cortright, of smart sanctions. A new narrative chaillot papers may 20, eu institute for security studies. Lopez is senior fellow and professor of political science at the joan b.
Smart sanctions are supposed to minimise the collateral damage by targeting almost exclusively the political elite and are assumed to be costly for the targets. David cortright is an american scholar and peace activist. During the 1990s, economic sanctions became an increasingly favored tool of diplomacy. Economic sanctions and russian economic statecraft it is paradoxical that the economic sanctions literature, especially the debate between hufbauer 2007 and pape 1997 is so pessimistic about the utility of sanctions even hufbauer says they have utility in. The violent pogroms he ordered in the 1980s against a largely imaginary enemy in the west of the country and the land nationalization program of the first decade of this century he carried out without any. Ostensibly, smart or targeted sanctions are the precisionguided munitions of economic statecraft. Cortright has a long history of public advocacy for disarmament and the prevention of war. A way must be found to impose sanctions in a way that no ones rights are violated. Targeting economic statecraft rowman and littlefield publishers, 2002. Asher is a nonresident senior fellow at the center for a new american security. Targeting economic statecraft find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. If the academic and public policy communities are to gain a better understanding of the.
Harmonizing legislation and practices coauthored with in smart sanctions. This book focuses on smart sanctions selective penalties devised to put pressure on specific groups and avoid the unintended suffering caused by general embargoes. Treasury secretary jacob lew, economic sanctions have become a powerful force in service of clear and coordinated foreign policy objectives smart power for situations where diplomacy alone is insufficient, but military force is not the right response. A new wave of smart sanctions imposed in recent years has motivated us to. Sanctions are a common tool of economic statecraft that policy makers. Economic sanctions targeting yugoslavia an effective. Elliott, kimberly ann, analyzing the effects of targeted sanctions, in cortright, and lopez, eds. Sanctions may be comprehensive, prohibiting commercial. Targeting economic statecraft, cortright and lopez, ed. Targeting economic statecraft, edited by david cortright and george a. The united nations security council voted for economic sanctions twelve times in the 1990s. Despite observations that they do not work pape, 1997 and cause intolerable human suffering gordon, 1999 sanctions have become the standard reaction to a crisis mayall, 1984. Such a modernized sanctions regime would need to be.
Only 5 of the 20 cases can be judged partially successful, a rate of about 25 percent. Smart sanctions modify the conventional sanctions tool by targeting the culpable political elites by means of arms embargoes, financial sanctions, and travel restrictions and by cushioning. Targeted sanctions in theory and practice semantic scholar. Kroc institute for international peace studies at the university of notre dame and president of the fourth freedom forum. A 392774 smart sanctions targeting economic statecraft edited by david cortright and george a. For over a decade, the comprehensive trade sanctions against iraq have hung like a millstone around the practice of economic statecraft. Economic sanctions have become a leading, bipartisan tool of american foreign policy.
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